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Blade Core
This artifact was used to provide stone blades.
Blade cores provided a portable source of stone or obsidian for manufacturing
different kinds of tools by flaking off pieces from the core. The basis of many
Upper Paleolithic tool forms from both the Old and New Worlds was the blade
flake, a thin, parallel-sided flake that is at least twice as long as it
is wide. Blade flakes were "pre-forms" that could be fashioned into
knives, hide scrapers, spear tips, drills, and other tools.
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End Scraper
This artifact was used for scraping fur from animal hides.
For European and American Stone Age peoples, end scrapers served as heavy- duty
scraping tools that could have been used on animal hides, wood, or bones. Once
the hide was removed from an animal, an end scraper could take the hair off the
skin's outer layer and remove the fatty tissue from its underside. End scrapers
were sometimes hafted, or attached to a wooden handle, but could also be
handheld.
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Burin
This artifact was used for carving bone, antler, or wood.
Burins are among the oldest stone tools, dating back more than 50,000 years,
and are characteristic of Upper Paleolithic cultures in both Europe and the
Americas. Burins exhibit a feature called a burin spall—a sharp, angled
point formed when a small flake is struck obliquely from the edge of a larger
stone flake. These tools could have been used with or without a wooden handle.
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Awl
This artifact was used for shredding plant fibers.
Awls were small, pointed hand tools employed in both the Old and New World to
slice fibers for thread and fishing nets, and to punch holes in leather and
wood. Stone Age peoples may also have sliced animal hides to make clothing
using awls. These tools could be made from stone or bone and were highly
sharpened for maximum efficiency.
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Antler Harpoon
This artifact was used for hunting large marine animals.
Upper Paleolithic cultures in Europe between 20,000 and 10,000 years ago hunted
seals, whales, and even swimming land mammals such as reindeer using antler
harpoons. In the New World, these harpoons appeared only around 6,000 years ago
in the arctic cultures of Alaska and Canada. Experts believe antler harpoons
were used in tandem with wooden launchers known as atlatls to help the harpoon
penetrate prey with more force.
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Clovis Point
This artifact was used for killing mammoths and other megafauna.
Clovis refers to this particular style of stone spear point and to the culture
of the North American people who used such weapons to devastating effect
against large game. Clovis points are leaf-shaped and have a wide groove, or
flute, on both sides of the base for fitting into short wooden or bone spear
shafts. The largest spear point ever found, measuring nine inches long, was a
Clovis point made of chalcedony, a kind of quartz.
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Bone Flute
This artifact was used for playing music.
Made of bone, this wind instrument dates to around 14,000 years ago in France.
Hunters may have carried such flute-like instruments in their mobile toolkits
or been buried with them, perhaps for the afterlife. Other artistic relics of
Stone Age peoples, especially in the Old World, include carved figurines, cave
paintings, and beaded clothing. France's Solutrean culture of 23,000 to 18,000
years ago is noted for its artistic tradition.
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Beads
This artifact was used for personal ornamentation.
It's impossible to know definitively, but experts think beads made of bone,
ivory, shells, and teeth were decorative and might also have been traded as
currency, based on what they know about the cultures of contemporary native
peoples. They have unearthed necklaces, pendants, bracelets, and anklets at
Stone Age weapons caches and burial sites in Europe and the Americas.
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Needle
This artifact was used for stitching hides.
Stone Age technology included delicate sewing needles made of bone with punched
eyeholes. They were probably used in tandem with thread fashioned from plant
fibers or animal sinew. Archeologists have found bone needles dating to within
the past 20,000 years in Europe and North America, where they might have
facilitated clothing and boat production.
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Bone Point
This tool was used for launching at animals during hunting.
Bone projectile points were flexible, light, general-purpose weapons for
hunting large land animals. To be as lethal as possible, their tips were
chiseled to exquisite sharpness. This is a North American point, but bone
points hafted onto wooden or bone handles were also common in the Stone Age Old
World. A deep groove cuts into the base of the point, where a hunter would have
inserted a wooden thrower and secured it with resin.
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