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Past Attempts
by Liesl Clark
Rock, Roll, and Drag
ROCK IT, standing up, side-to-side. Or, maybe try to ROLL IT, lying down, on
round palm poles, or perhaps DRAG IT on its back. Among the many secrets buried
in Easter Island prehistory is the question of how the Rapanui people
transported the multi-ton statues, or moai, from their quarries to their final
ceremonial ahu
sites around the island. In many cases, the optimum route
of transport would have meant that the teams of statue-movers, and the statues
themselves, had to traverse several miles over very rough and hilly terrain.
What would have been the best way to move Easter Island's stone giants, which
weighed, on average, some 14 tons? The transport question has long been
debated, and has been the subject of some experimentation by a growing arena of
theorists. All have tried to approach the question as the early Rapa Nui people
did, with the use of only stone, wood, rope, and human power. The following is
a brief summary of those attempts. We encourage you to peruse them, and then
send in your own theory on how the moai were moved.
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Oral Tradition (Various Dates)
Like most oral traditions, Rapa Nui folklore has been passed down through the
generations, and it is unknown whether the stories are based on historical
fact. Most center on the mystical idea that the massive megaliths
were moved using "mana," or divine power. Those who possessed mana were able to
command the moai to walk to their designated places. Accounts of who actually
possessed mana differ greatly. In 1919, Katherine Routledge, a British
archaeologist who lived on Easter Island for a year, recorded in her journal:
"There was a certain old woman who lived at the southern corner of the mountain
and filled the position of cook to the image-makers. She was the most
important person of the establishment, and moved the images by supernatural
powers (mana), ordering them about at her will." Earlier accounts recorded by
visitors to the island indicate that statues were ordered to walk by the
mythical King Tuu Ku Ihu and the god Make Make. Even specialized priests were
known to move moai at the request of those who wanted them on their family land
or ahu.
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Moai Transport Theories & Attempts
Theorist: Thor Heyerdahl
Date: 1955 - 1956
Location: Easter Island, Ahu Nau Nau - Anakena
Moai: 13-foot, 10-ton original moai from Easter Island
Method: Tied statue on its back to a sledge (sled) made from a tree fork.
180 islanders pulled the statue using two parallel ropes tied to each side.
Recent tradition supports this theory, as sledge transportation was believed
to have been enhanced by the use of lubricants such as sweet potatoes,
palm fronds, and taro root.
Limitations: Requires sizable work force. If it takes 180 people to move a
10-ton moai, it would take an estimated 1500 people to move the largest
moai successfully erected on an ahu,
Paro, which weighs 82 tons.
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Theorist: William Mulloy
Date: 1960
Location: Easter Island
Moai: Theorized for Paro, the largest statue erected on an ahu (Ahu Te
Pito Kura), standing approximately 32.45 feet tall and weighing 82 tons.
Method:The process involved using two gigantic wooden "shear"or V-shaped
legs, attached by ropes to the statue's neck, and a curved Y-shaped sledge
to protect the moai's protruding belly. The moai lay face down on the
sledge. Mulloy suggested that by inching the individual legs forward in
bipedal fashion, the moai could then be rocked forward using the outward
curve of its belly as a fulcrum or pivot point. By this method, Mulloy
estimated that Paro could have been moved the four miles (six km) from
the quarry to its ahu using only 90 people.
Limitations: Overly complex: heavily reliant on the huge trees necessary
to create gigantic shear legs and curved wooden forks for
wooden sledges. In addition, given the dimensions of the moai, it is
doubtful that the neck of the moai could absorb the excessive stress needed
for this method. In addition, many statues found abandoned in transit did
not have protruding stomachs substantial enough to act as a pivot
point.
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Theorist: Erich Von Daniken
Date: 1972
Location: n/a
Moai: n/a
Method: By observing the mathematical perfection of the Egyptian Great Pyramids
as well as the giant geoglyphs (pictures carved into stone) aligned perfectly
through the Peruvian Andes, Von Daniken suggested that these great engineering
feats could only be explained by the presence of extra-terrestrials years ago.
Von Daniken suggested, "The men who could execute such perfect work must have
possessed ultra-modern tools.... A small group of intelligent beings was stranded
on Easter Island owing to a 'technical hitch.'The stranded group had a great
store of knowledge, very advanced weapons and a method of working stone unknown
to us.... Perhaps to leave the natives a lasting memory of their stay, but
perhaps also as a sign to the friends who were looking for them, the strangers
extracted a colossal statue from the volcanic stone. Then they made more stone
giants which they set up on stone pedestals along the coast so that they were
visible from afar.... In the remote past there were intelligences with an
advanced technology for whom the covering of vast distances in aircraft of the
most varied kinds was no problem." (Erich Von Daniken, Return to the
Stars, 1972)
Limitations:Purely hypothetical with no way to prove hypothesis
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Theorist: Pavel Pavel
Date: 1982
Location: Strakonice, Czechoslavakia
Moai: 15-foot, 12-ton concrete replica with a slightly convex base
Method: Interested in legendary lore that the moai walked, Pavel Pavel
based his theory on the assumption that an upright moai was relatively
stable; each statue has a low center of gravity thanks to a large base and a
narrow head.
Pavel Pavel used a crew of 17 people
divided into two groups and tilted the statue onto its back edge (he
calculated that five degrees was a safe tilt). With one rope around the
head of the statue and another around the base, they "walked" the moai
replica forward by swiveling and rocking it from side to side. Using this
method, Pavel Pavel estimated that an experienced crew could move a
statue approximately 650 feet each day.
Limitations: Extremely problematic in rough terrain, and can damage the base of the
moai. Thor Heyerdahl has estimated that the distance that can be covered
using this method in rough terrain is 320 feet per day for a 20-ton
statue.
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Theorist: Pavel Pavel, Thor Heyerdahl & Kon Tiki Museum
Date: 1986
Location: Easter Island, site around the bay of Anakena
Moai: Two original Easter Island moais: nine feet, five tons and 13 feet,
nine tons.
Method: Trying the same method as above on actual moai statues, Pavel Pavel
used a crew of eight people for the nine-foot moai and a crew of 16 for the
13-foot moai. Using this method, the moai proved to be so stable that it
could tilt 70 degrees to either side without falling.
Limitations: The swiveling motion caused noticeable damage to the base of
the moai and forced them to stop the experiment.
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Theorist: Charles Love
Date: 1980s
Location: Wyoming
Moai: 13-foot, 10-ton concrete replica
Method: At first, Love's crew attempted to advance the standing concrete
moai forward by pulling it, side to side, with ropes tied around its
forehead like a refrigerator being "walked" forward. He was only able to
move it a few hundred feet before the replica toppled over and the front
of the base was chipped. On a second attempt, they placed the statue
upright on two sled runners atop log rollers. Using this method, 25 men were
able to move the statue 150 feet in two minutes.
Limitations: Jo Anne Van Tilburg writes, "This method was superior to the
tilting method, but still incredibly dangerous. The logistics of any upright
method suggested to date are daunting-to-impossible on the rolling Rapa Nui
terrain."
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Theorist: Jo Anne Van Tilburg
Date: 1998 proposed method
Location: Easter Island
Moai: Concrete replica with the dimensions of a statistically average
moai
Method: Van Tilburg is proposing to place the maoi replica horizontally,
in either a prone or supine position, on a wooden sledge with rollers
underneath. Guide and pulling ropes will be lashed to the sledge and up
to 70 Rapanui people will attempt to haul it. This method will be used
over a roadbed and up a slope, where the moai will be dropped to a 45
degree angle in preparation for erecting it in place.
Limitations: To be determined.
If you have a different idea for how the moai may have been moved,
send it in.
Past Attempts |
Dispatches |
The Plan |
Team Profiles
Move the Moai Game
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Your Theories
Photos: Liesl Clark
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© | Updated November 2000
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