Name: These Boulders are Alive
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Nova

Dive down to rare stromatolites—key clues to the evolution of virtually all complex life.

These Boulders are Alive

the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation

Koch Foundation

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<div class="rich-text">Containing key clues to the evolution of virtually all complex life, stromatolites––underwater mounds of up to eight feet tall––are created by one of the oldest organisms on our planet. Over thousands of years, layers of mud and sand accumulated to build these structures, which are coated in a thin layer of bacteria. Today, growing stromatolites are extremely rare to find.
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<div class="rich-text">Dive down to rare stromatolites—key clues to the evolution of virtually all complex life.</div>

Planet Earth

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 These Boulders Are Alive
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 Published August 23, 2018



 Kirk Johnson:
 
 We’re looking for one of the oldest organisms on our planet 
but as we descend, there’s not much sign of life. Could it be hiding behind these strange rocks?


 Actually, these rocks are the very things that I’ve come to see. They’re called stromatolites…and believe it or not, they’re alive.


 You can’t see them, but just beneath the surface of these boulders is a thin coating of bacteria. Over thousands of years, these microbes accumulated—layer after layer of mud and sand—to build mounds up to 8 feet tall. Today, living, growing stromatolites like these are extremely rare, but these precious examples hold the key to the evolution of virtually all complex life.


 I could stay down here for hours, but the current is getting stronger and we don’t want to get pulled out to sea.


 That was amazing down there. The current really picked up. It was ripping through there, too.



 Pamela Reid:
 
 And that is actually one important reason for why we have these stromatolites.



 Johnson:
 
 What’s special about this spot that allows them to be here?



 Reid:
 
 Well, you noticed a very strong current when we were there, and you also noticed there were sand waves that were going over the stromatolites. That sand will actually bury the stromatolites for months at a time.



 Johnson:
 
 And then unbury them again?



 Reid:
 
 And unbury them again. And then that burial is really important to the existence of the stromatolites.



 Johnson:
 
 When the sand is swept away, the stromatolites are vulnerable to seaweed and corals that block the sun. The sand protects them.



 Reid:
 
 It keeps away the higher organisms. The seaweeds, the corals. In early Earth, there were no corals and seaweeds to compete, so they actually had a much bigger territory and they dominated the planet for about 80% of Earth history. Stromatolites were kings.
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